HIV has been shown to cause significant impairments of varying severity in higher order brain functions

Lower UPSA-2 scores were related to lower education and WRAT-4 scores both in this study and the Blackstone et al. report, but in contrast to that study, our HIV+/ METH+ participants did not have lower education and WRAT-4 scores than the METH− groups, reflecting relatively intact premorbid intellectual functioning, or “cognitive reserve”, in the dually-affected…