Evolution of weeds from crop domesticated lines requires changes at several important traits

Moreover, while California weedy rice shares some similarity to weedy rice from the southern US at several loci as expected with a similar genetic background, divergence at few specific loci highlights changes required for California weedy rice to thrive in this novel agricultural system. If weedy rice in California is newly derived from a temperate japonica crop ancestor in…

The consistency of the maps and the actual landscape was markedly high

Individual digitized CIR images provided clues about weed patch distribution that could be used by land managers in preliminary assessments to identify suspect areas to investigate on the ground. In March CIR images, for example, vegetation patches associated with forage dominated ground truth points generally appeared greener than those associated with weed-dominated points . In May CIR imagery, the…

There appear to be several target-site and non-target-site mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate

Glyphosate was used as a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide for nearly 40 years, with few concerns about resistance until the mid- 1990s. A number of factors have combined to increase the selection pressure for glyphosate-resistant weeds in several cropping systems. These include an increase in reduced- or no-tillage systems that depend on preplant weed control with…

Accurate mineralization estimates require field testing under local conditions

Rapid adaptation post-introduction could be necessary for successful establishment and persistence or might catalyze increased spread or impacts on native ecosystems . Indeed, many of the traits posited to characterize invasive species, by Baker and others more recently, show evolutionary change post-invasion . Several examples of rapid adaptation come from studies of invasive species . In…

Contractual agreements embedded within intellectual property licenses can impose restrictions on the grower

These standards have less meaning with the production of a new crop type, and thus create uncertainty and potential for conflict between tenants, landlords, and end-users seeking control over the production process. Landowners may want to ensure the crops or the producers’ cultural practices will not cause long term harm to the land, creating another moral…

The traditional agricultural management tools discussed in the prior section impose some costs

Landowners may be unwilling to rent land to a farmer seeking to grow novel crops with the attendant long-term contract that typifies many biomass supply arrangements. Financial flexibility and access to credit may face similar limitations if lenders perceive that producers are unable to adequately manage the relatively higher risk inherent in the nascent bio-energy industry. A…

All these factors characterize the current state of the biomass industry

As it leaves the European Union, the UK must ensure that its agricultural standards remain high and robust, its farm supports reflect the popular desire for greater equity and incentives for deep environmental stewardship, and its regulatory process is not overly controlled by private interests. In turn, the United States will need to find ways…

My results indicate that this hypothesis was supported by the data from my comparative sample

Those producers then quite often take on additional standalone certifications at the behest of their retailer partners. In cases such as these where a farmer in my sample was certified to multiple standards, I have simplified the information I present by analyzing them based on the standalone standard they follow, on the assumption that that…