Of particular interest to this study is a common polymorphism involving a Val to Met substitution at codon

These studies make it difficult to ascertain whether alcohol or nicotine use/dependence account for previous findings, as their individual contributions to gray matter structure or brain activity were not examined. Thus, it is critical to investigate the unique contributions of alcohol and nicotine use to brain morphometry in heavy drinking smokers. We hypothesized that there…

The analysis for differences in 16 categories raises the question of the multiple comparisons problem

Unfortunately, limiting space may also limit the room for positive evaluation and strings of praising adjectives.However, while implicit bias exists, employing limits in response format may rein in the manifestation of implicit bias by focusing the writer.This was a single center study; only SLOE narratives from applicants who applied to interview at a single, academic…

Several psychosocial factors are associated with returns visits in older adults

The primary independent variable was serum Vitamin D measured at ED enrollment. We used Vitamin D level at ED presentation to identify patients with pre-existing Vitamin D deficiency prior to hospitalization for an acute illness. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum Vitamin D concentration <20 milligrams per deciliter .We collected blood in citrate…

The scenarios for the pre-test and the post-test were different in order to avoid memorization bias

The second difference is the comparison of scores from a group of control hospitals in the same time frame. Finally, we used the second difference from the control group to rule out the part of the first score difference that is not influenced by GBR. This allowed us to estimate the treatment effect within the…

A better research agenda is needed to assess the impact of triage questions on patient care

Additional research could evaluate whether the additional screening questions distract the triage nurse from his or her primary goal of assessing acuity and contribute to inconsistency in triage assessments. If nurses were liberated from the mandated questions, they could potentially have more time for one-on-one patient care and other aspects of patient care, such as medication…

The effects of youth unemployment also inflict large economic costs on society

Research is needed to help governments minimize youth labour market disengagement . In the United Kingdom and Europe, social research and policy making around youth unemployment has focused on a particular subset of young people: Those who, in the transition out of compulsory schooling, find themselves not in education, employment, or training . We report data from…

Self-administration tasks have also been used extensively in developing effective AUD pharmacotherapies

Functional consequences of adolescent heavy drinking are seen in attenuated frontal cortex response during spatial working memory , and deficits on neuropsychological measures of attention , information retrieval , and visuospatial functioning , with some studies showing sustained effects into adulthood . Drinking so much that hangover or withdrawal symptoms are experienced is associated with…

This series of analyses was repeated for self-reported nicotine use in the year before and during pregnancy

Past-month alcohol and nicotine use is most common during the first trimester of pregnancy , during which time women may not realize that they are pregnant. Although healthcare systems are well poised to screen women of reproductive age for substance use, it is challenging to predict which women are at risk for using nicotine and…