Glyphosate was used as a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide for nearly 40 years, with few concerns about resistance until the mid- 1990s. A number of factors have combined to increase the selection pressure for glyphosate-resistant weeds in several cropping systems. These include an increase in reduced- or no-tillage systems that depend on preplant weed control with…
Height growth each year was also positively correlated with initial seedling height
Rice yields in weed-firee plots were the same across all three irrigation systems in both 2013 and 2014 . Since there was no year by irrigation system interaction, data were pooled and analyzed over years. There was a significant decrease in yield in 2014, but this was found across all three irrigation systems, and may…
Accurate mineralization estimates require field testing under local conditions
Rapid adaptation post-introduction could be necessary for successful establishment and persistence or might catalyze increased spread or impacts on native ecosystems . Indeed, many of the traits posited to characterize invasive species, by Baker and others more recently, show evolutionary change post-invasion . Several examples of rapid adaptation come from studies of invasive species . In…
Contractual agreements embedded within intellectual property licenses can impose restrictions on the grower
These standards have less meaning with the production of a new crop type, and thus create uncertainty and potential for conflict between tenants, landlords, and end-users seeking control over the production process. Landowners may want to ensure the crops or the producers’ cultural practices will not cause long term harm to the land, creating another moral…
The traditional agricultural management tools discussed in the prior section impose some costs
Landowners may be unwilling to rent land to a farmer seeking to grow novel crops with the attendant long-term contract that typifies many biomass supply arrangements. Financial flexibility and access to credit may face similar limitations if lenders perceive that producers are unable to adequately manage the relatively higher risk inherent in the nascent bio-energy industry. A…
All these factors characterize the current state of the biomass industry
As it leaves the European Union, the UK must ensure that its agricultural standards remain high and robust, its farm supports reflect the popular desire for greater equity and incentives for deep environmental stewardship, and its regulatory process is not overly controlled by private interests. In turn, the United States will need to find ways…
My results indicate that this hypothesis was supported by the data from my comparative sample
Those producers then quite often take on additional standalone certifications at the behest of their retailer partners. In cases such as these where a farmer in my sample was certified to multiple standards, I have simplified the information I present by analyzing them based on the standalone standard they follow, on the assumption that that…
The complex interactions of actors at multiple layers of food safety regulation are still incompletely understood
Research suggests that for optimal outcomes in the food system, public standards may need to be strengthened in conjunction with the implementation of robust private standards . Evidence from outside the food system suggests that non-governmental regulatory efforts achieve their best outcomes when the background public regulatory controls also strengthen over time; comparative research among US,…
Structural factors in the leafy greens supply chain also increase risk
While this arrangement reduces the costliness of regulation from the perspective of states, it is uncertain whether governance accomplished with the assistance of these private actors can reliably deliver better outcomes, and if this governance system can be considered adequate from the perspectives of conflict of interest and robust accountability .Fresh lettuces and salad greens…
The information of clouds is represented by simple cloud cover fractions or cloud modification factors
The modeling results enable direct calculation of the equilibrium temperature and cooling efficiency of passive cooling devices in terms of meteorological conditions observed at the surface level.The solar irradiance is emitted by the Sun while atmospheric lonwave irradiance is emitted by gases and surfaces at a temperature of 200 to 320 K. Figure 1.1 plots…