Critical studies of ethnicity and substance use illustrate the relevance of socially-ascribed identity categories

An individual’s ability to choose an identity is constrained by social structure, context, and power relations. Structural constraints on identity formation cannot be ignored, as people do not exist as free floating entities but instead are influenced and constrained in various ways by their socioeconomic and geographical environment . As such, an identity is not…

Alcohol use was also not biologically verified in this study

As such, the present study may have been under powered to detect small effects sizes, which may account for the null findings regarding intervention effects on drinking outcomes. Future studies are encouraged to recruit larger samples of non-treatment seeking participants to better detect small effects. Furthermore, this finding should be considered in light of the sample,…

Endocannabinoids are also involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability

Ion channels are macromolecular pores in cell membranes that play a principal role in regulating the electrical properties of membranes and cellular excitability, thence enabling neurotransmission, sensory transduction, cognitive function, heart rhythm, motor movement, hormone secretion, reproduction, stress adaptation, and cell protection, processes crucial to sustain life. Ion channel proteins are subject to post translational modulation…

Aim 1b examined the relationship between continuous delayed recall and the three regions of interest

Post hoc delayed recall analyses were conducted that excluded participants who were excluded in post hoc analyses in aim 1 as well as those not consistently on ART and participants with a substance use disorder during follow-up. The total included after these exclusions was n=55. A single mediator model was used to investigate if medial temporal…

Of particular interest to this study is a common polymorphism involving a Val to Met substitution at codon

These studies make it difficult to ascertain whether alcohol or nicotine use/dependence account for previous findings, as their individual contributions to gray matter structure or brain activity were not examined. Thus, it is critical to investigate the unique contributions of alcohol and nicotine use to brain morphometry in heavy drinking smokers. We hypothesized that there…

The analysis for differences in 16 categories raises the question of the multiple comparisons problem

Unfortunately, limiting space may also limit the room for positive evaluation and strings of praising adjectives.However, while implicit bias exists, employing limits in response format may rein in the manifestation of implicit bias by focusing the writer.This was a single center study; only SLOE narratives from applicants who applied to interview at a single, academic…

Several psychosocial factors are associated with returns visits in older adults

The primary independent variable was serum Vitamin D measured at ED enrollment. We used Vitamin D level at ED presentation to identify patients with pre-existing Vitamin D deficiency prior to hospitalization for an acute illness. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum Vitamin D concentration <20 milligrams per deciliter .We collected blood in citrate…

The scenarios for the pre-test and the post-test were different in order to avoid memorization bias

The second difference is the comparison of scores from a group of control hospitals in the same time frame. Finally, we used the second difference from the control group to rule out the part of the first score difference that is not influenced by GBR. This allowed us to estimate the treatment effect within the…

A better research agenda is needed to assess the impact of triage questions on patient care

Additional research could evaluate whether the additional screening questions distract the triage nurse from his or her primary goal of assessing acuity and contribute to inconsistency in triage assessments. If nurses were liberated from the mandated questions, they could potentially have more time for one-on-one patient care and other aspects of patient care, such as medication…