As there are currently ten ALS inhibitor-resistant weed species in Ontario, dry bean growers will have difficulty controlling these weeds without another mode of action . This study aimed to determine the tolerance of white bean to tank mixes of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron and to determine if a low dose of halosulfuron added to sulfentrazone would improve the spectrum of broadleaf weed control. Statistical Analysis Software version 9.4 was used for the analysis. Data were partitioned into fixed and random effects to account for error. Replicate, environment, replicate within environment, and environment by treatment interaction were the random effects and their significance was determined using the Z-test. Various transformations of the data were applied using the UNIVARIATE procedure to test the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of the residuals. All transformations met the assumptions for the crop injury, weed control, seed moisture and yield data, therefore the arcsine square root transformation was selected for the analysis as it produced the least amount of error. An analysis of variance was performed on all data using the MIXED procedure and Fisher’s Protected LSD test . Values were converted back to the original scale for presentation.
S-metolachlor and halosulfuron caused 2% injury, and halosulfuron + s-metolachlor caused 3% injury, but were equivalent to the control. The combination of sulfentrazone plus s-metolachlor or halosulfuron did not cause greater injury than each herbicide individually, but sulfentrazone plus s-metolachlor or halosulfuron caused up to 22% injury. Similarly, sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused 12% injury, while sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused 23% injury. All tank mixes containing sulfentrazone caused greater injury than the weed-free control. Injury levels at 4 WAE were similar to 2 WAE. The level of injury caused by sulfentrazone remained constant at 4 WAE,cannabis grow system s-metolachlor caused 3% injury and halosulfuron caused 1% injury. Soltani et al. also found that halosulfuron applied PRE produces very little injury in edible bean. Sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor caused up to 24% injury and sulfentrazone + halosulfuron caused up to 15% injury. Sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused 10% injury and sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused 22% injury. Halosulfuron + s-metolachlor and sulfentrazone + halosulfuron were the only tank mixes at 4 WAE that did not cause injury greater than the weed-free control. Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. Half of the world’s population is dependent on rice as a staple food. In Asia, approximately 92% of rice in the world is produced and consumed .
In China, there were 31.7 million hectares of rice field, accounting for about 20% of world’s rice area . China produces 35% of world’s total rice production every year. Rice production consumes large quantity of irrigation water. Bhuiyan estimated that rice consumed about 90% of total irrigation water for all crops. Additionally, rice is the crop that offers has great potential to save irrigation water, because its physiological water requirement is much less than its actual water consumption, which is equivalent to that of some upland crops . Plastic film mulching, one of water saving management practices for rice production, is developed in 1980s and has been adopted as a new rice cultivation technique in many regions of China . Under plastic film mulching management practice, the rice production is based on limited irrigation without constant flooded conditions on soil surface.
This can reduce irrigation frequency and amount of water. In recent years, plastic film mulching has been widely applied throughout the world. The total planting with plastic film mulching has reached 100,000 ha . A lot of researches have revealed that plastic film mulching has many advantages, such as moderating soil temperature by insulating the soil surface, conserving soil moisture, preventing leaching of fertilizers, controlling weed growth under mulch film, making maturity earlier and increasing yield . High-density polyethylene film is preferred as mulching material for crop production . In plastic mulching, the thickness of mulch film should be in accordance with type and age of crops. Economics suggest that the film thickness should be the minimum possible commensurate with desired life and strength . At the present, there is lack of information about the thickness of plastic-film mulching with non-flooding conditions.