Additionally, few studies have been conducted for determining optimal mineral salts or hormone formulations for Industrial Hemp. Feeney and Punja used the MB5D1K medium formulation and it was shown to promote substantial callus growth. The MS salts medium formulated by Murashige and Skoog was originally used to generate callus growth in tobacco for a study on cytokinins.Results in our study show that three of the five cultivars responded well to the MS salts medium as far as callus mass produced and growth rates. Two of the five cultivars responded well to the MB5D1K medium with callus mass produced and growth rates. The results from the Canda experiment showed a significant difference between the MB5D1K medium and the other two. Because of the significant difference, the MB5D1K medium can be used to generate the best result of callus mass produced and the highest growth rate.
This finding is substantiated by Feeney and Punja,who also used the MB5D1K medium.There were specific hormone concentrations/ratios for the best callus-initiating media and the most callus growth. Interestingly, results showed that in four of the five cultivars tested, the top three media formulations for callus growth were equal concentrations of auxin to cytokinin.These cultivars include Canda,Joey,CFX-2, and Futura. Landrace had a 1:1 ratio as the fourth best ratio for callus growth, but it was not in the top three. The trend with callus-initiating media was not as easy to determine. The best media formulations determined for callus induction were 2:1, 2:2, 2:3, and 3:2. The best media formulation determined for callus growth was an equal concentration of auxin:cytokinin, however2:2 showed up the most on the top 3 media formulations. It is important to realize that 2:2 was recognized as a good initiating media type, as well as, an excellent media type for maintaining callus growth.In summary, Table 7 shows the top two media formulations for callus induction, and also callus growth, for each cultivar.
This table shows that 2:2 is the most frequently occurring concentration/ratio. If one did not want to make different media types for induction and growth, then this experiment shows that 2:2would be the most appropriate growth regulator for both purposes. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is associated with cannabinoid overuse. According to the United Nations, in 2017, an estimated 238 million people used cannabis in 2017, 22% percent of that total are users in North America, making it the most widely used drug globally.Cannabis-induced adverse drug effects increased with its increased access and in 2004, CHS was recognized as a new medical diagnosis .CHS is characterized by chronic cannabis use, cyclic episodes of nausea and vomiting, and the learned behavior of hot bathing to relieve symptoms.Theclinical characteristics and appearance can be divided into three phases: the prodromal phase, the hyper-emetic phase, and the recovery phase . The prodromal phase can last months to years with recurrent symptoms of early morning nausea, fear of vomiting, and abdominal discomfort.This phase also includes a normal eating pattern with increased use of cannabis to alleviate nausea.
The hyper-emetic phase consists of persistent vomiting that could be debilitating with weight loss of up to 14 kilograms and compulsive warm bathing to relieve symptoms of nausea and cannabis vomiting. The recovery phase follows a complete halt to use, with a total resolution of symptoms within 12 hours to 3 weeks,a return of normal eating pattern, weight gain, and recurrent hot bathing habits.The only definitive treatment identified for CHS is the cessation of marijuana. Pharmacological treatment of CHS can be divided into two phases: therapy for the hyperemetic phase and relapse prevention.Patients may require hospitalization during the hyperemetic phase secondary to abdominal pain, dehydration, as well as severe nausea and vomiting. Supportive therapy serves as the mainstay of treatment during this phase . There is limited literature available on haloperidol as the standard of care in CHS. However, haloperidol has been widely used as an antiemetic for many years and has been described to provide symptom relief in some patients with CHS .This article presents the findings from a literature review on CHS. It discusses a female patient who was successfully treated for CHS with haloperidol given by mouth. A 34-year-old African American female presented to the emergency department with complaints of recurrent nausea and vomiting. Three days before admission,the patient reported having nausea and vomiting after smoking marijuana and was unable to keep any food down. The patient has had two previous admissions for the same symptoms. During those admissions, the patient was given ondansetron, metoclopramide, erythromycin, and promethazine with no relief of symptoms.